Retinol

Retinol is a vitamin A derivative and the gold-standard anti-aging ingredient, backed by decades of clinical research. Once absorbed, it converts to retinaldehyde and then retinoic acid, binding to nuclear receptors that accelerate cell turnover, stimulate collagen types I and III, and normalise keratinisation. The result is measurably reduced fine lines and wrinkles, refined texture, faded hyperpigmentation, and clearer pores. Beginners should start at 0.1–0.3% two to three nights per week, always paired with a moisturiser, and build tolerance gradually. Retinol increases photosensitivity, so daily SPF 30+ is mandatory. Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding.